The Art of War - Sun Zi VI. 10.

Sun Zi

– The Art of War

Chinese strategy explained : know yourself and the ennemy, use deception, spies, and "win with ease". Tr. Giles (en, annotated) and Amiot (fr).

Introduction
I. Laying Plans
II. Waging War
III. Attack by Stratagem
IV. Tactical Dispositions

V. Energy
VI. Weak Points and Strong
VII. Maneuvering
VIII. Variation in Tactics
IX. The Army On The March

X. Terrain
XI. The Nine Situations
XII. The Attack By Fire
XIII. The Use of Spies

Weak Points And Strong

Chang Yu attempts to explain the sequence of chapters as follows: "Chapter IV, on Tactical Dispositions, treated of the offensive and the defensive; chapter V, on Energy, dealt with direct and indirect methods. The good general acquaints himself first with the theory of attack and defense, and then turns his attention to direct and indirect methods. He studies the art of varying and combining these two methods before proceeding to the subject of weak and strong points. For the use of direct or indirect methods arises out of attack and defense, and the perception of weak and strong points depends again on the above methods. Hence the present chapter comes immediately after the chapter on Energy."

Sunzi VI. 10.

Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order to fight.1

But if neither time nor place be known, then the left wing will be impotent to succor the right, the right equally impotent to succor the left, the van unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van. How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are anything under a hundred li apart, and even the nearest are separated by several li!2

1. What Sun Tzu evidently has in mind is that nice calculation of distances and that masterly employment of strategy which enable a general to divide his army for the purpose of a long and rapid march, and afterwards to effect a junction at precisely the right spot and the right hour in order to confront the enemy in overwhelming strength. Among many such successful junctions which military history records, one of the most dramatic and decisive was the appearance of Blucher just at the critical moment on the field of Waterloo.

2. The Chinese of this last sentence is a little lacking in precision, but the mental picture we are required to draw is probably that of an army advancing towards a given rendezvous in separate columns, each of which has orders to be there on a fixed date. If the general allows the various detachments to proceed at haphazard, without precise instructions as to the time and place of meeting, the enemy will be able to annihilate the army in detail. Chang Yu's note may be worth quoting here: "If we do not know the place where our opponents mean to concentrate or the day on which they will join battle, our unity will be forfeited through our preparations for defense, and the positions we hold will be insecure. Suddenly happening upon a powerful foe, we shall be brought to battle in a flurried condition, and no mutual support will be possible between wings, vanguard or rear, especially if there is any great distance between the foremost and hindmost divisions of the army."

Giles VI.19,20.

Ce n'est pas tout. Comme il est essentiel que vous connaissiez à fond le lieu où vous devez combattre, il n'est pas moins important que vous soyez instruit du jour, de l'heure, du moment même du combat ; c'est une affaire de calcul sur laquelle il ne faut pas vous négliger. Si l'ennemi est loin de vous, sachez, jour par jour, le chemin qu'il fait, suivez-le pas à pas, quoique en apparence vous restiez immobile dans votre camp ; voyez tout ce qu'il fait, quoique vos yeux ne puissent pas aller jusqu'à lui ; écoutez tous les discours, quoique vous soyez hors de portée de l'entendre ; soyez témoin de toute sa conduite, entrez même dans le fond de son cœur pour y lire ses craintes ou ses espérances. Pleinement instruit de tous ses desseins, de toutes ses marches, de toutes ses actions, vous le ferez venir chaque jour précisément où vous voulez qu'il arrive. En ce cas, vous l'obligerez à camper de manière que le front de son armée ne puisse pas recevoir du secours de ceux qui sont à la queue, que l'aile droite ne puisse pas aider l'aile gauche, et vous le combattrez ainsi dans le lieu et au temps qui vous conviendront le plus. Avant le jour déterminé pour le combat, ne soyez ni trop loin ni trop près de l'ennemi. L'espace de quelques lieues seulement est le terme qui doit vous en approcher le plus, et dix lieues entières sont le plus grand espace que vous deviez laisser entre votre armée et la sienne.

Amiot