Le Maître échange propos, anecdotes, brèves paraboles et maximes avec ses disciples. Tr. Couvreur (fr), Legge (en) et Lau (en).
Le Maître dit : « Il est bon d'habiter là où règne le sens de l'humanité. Pourrait-on appeler sage un homme qui choisirait de n'y point habiter ? »
Couvreur IV.1.
Rule for the selection of a residence.
The Master said, "It is virtuous manners which constitute the excellence of a neighborhood. If a man in selecting a residence, do not fix on one where such prevail, how can he be wise?"
Legge IV.1.
The Master said, 'Of neighbourhoods benevolence is the most beautiful. How can the man be considered wise who, when he has the choice, does not settle in benevolence?'
Lau [4:1]
Le Maître dit : « Un homme dépourvu d'humanité ne peut demeurer longtemps dans le malheur ou dans le bonheur. L'homme honorable trouve la paix dans la vertu d'humanité ; l'homme sage en connaît tout le profit. »
Couvreur IV.2.
Only true virtue adapts a man for the varied conditions of life.
The Master said, "Those who are without virtue cannot abide long either in a condition of poverty and hardship, or in a condition of enjoyment. The virtuous rest in virtue; the wise desire virtue."
Legge IV.2.
The Master said, 'One who is not benevolent cannot remain long straitened circumstances, nor can he remain long in easy circum- stances. "The benevolent man is attracted to benevolence because he feels at home in it. The wise man is attracted to benevolence because he finds it to his advantage.'
Lau [4:2]
Le Maître dit : « Seul l'homme honorable sait aimer et haïr les hommes comme il convient. »
Couvreur IV.3.
Only in the good man are emotions of love and hatred right, and to be depended on.
The Master said, "It is only the (truly) virtuous man, who can love, or who can hate, others."
Legge IV.3.
The Master said, 'it is only the benevolent man who is capable of liking or disliking other men.'
Lau [4:3]
Le Maître dit : « Celui qui s'applique sérieusement à cultiver la vertu d'humanité s'abstient de mal faire. »
Couvreur IV.4.
The virtuous will preserves all from wickedness.
The Master said, "If the will be set on virtue, there will be no practice of wickedness."
Legge IV.4.
The Master said, 'If a man sets his heart on benevolence, he will be free from evil.'
Lau [4:4]
Le Maître dit : « Les richesses et les honneurs sont très ambitionnés des hommes ; si vous ne pouvez les obtenir qu'en sacrifiant vos principes, ne les acceptez pas. La pauvreté et l'abjection sont en horreur aux hommes ; si elles vous viennent, même sans aucune faute de votre part, ne les fuyez pas. Si l'homme honorable abandonne la voie de la vertu, comment soutiendra-t-il son titre d'“honorable” ? L'homme honorable ne l'abandonne jamais, pas même le temps d'un repas. Il y demeure toujours, même au milieu des affaires les plus pressantes, même au milieu des plus grands troubles. »
Couvreur IV.5.
The devotion of the Chün-tsze to virtue.
1. The Master said, "Riches and honors are what men desire. If it cannot be obtained in the proper way, they should not be held. Poverty and meanness are what men dislike. If it cannot be avoided in the proper way, they should not be avoided.
2. "If a superior man abandon virtue, how can he fulfill the requirements of that name?
3. "The superior man does not, even for the space of a single meal, act contrary to virtue. In moments of haste, he cleaves to it. In seasons of danger, he cleaves to it."
Legge IV.5.
The Master said, 'Wealth and high station are what men desire but unless I got them in the right way I would not remain in them. Poverty and low station are what men dislike, but even if I did not get them in the right way I would not try to escape from them. 'If the gentleman forsakes benevolence, in what way can he make a name for himself? The gentleman never deserts benevolence, not even for as long as it takes to eat a meal. If he hurries and stumbles one may be sure that it is in benevolence that he does so.'
Lau [4:5]
Le Maître dit : « je n'ai pas encore vu un homme qui aimât la vertu et haït sincèrement l'inhumanité. Celui qui aime la vertu la préfère à toute autre chose ; celui qui hait sincèrement l'inhumanité cultive la vertu, et fuit toute atteinte du mal. Est-il un homme qui travaille de toutes ses forces à pratiquer la vertu un jour entier ? Je n'ai jamais vu aucun homme qui n'eût pas assez de forces pour le faire. Peut-être en existe-t-il ; mais je n'en ai jamais vu. » Tout homme, s'il fait des efforts sérieux, peut atteindre la perfection. (Tchou Hsi)
Couvreur IV.6.
A lament because of the rarity of the love of virtue; and encouragement to practice virtue.
1. The Master said, "I have not seen a person who loved virtue, or one who hated what was not virtuous. He who loved virtue, would esteem nothing above it. He who hated what is not virtuous, would practice virtue in such a way that he would not allow anything that is not virtuous to approach his person.
2. "Is any one able for one day to apply his strength to virtue? I have not seen the case in which his strength would be insufficient.
3. "Should there possibly be any such case, I have not seen it."
Legge IV.6.
The Master said, 'I have never met a man who finds benevolence attractive or a man who finds unbenevolence repulsive. A man who finds benevolence attractive cannot be surpassed. A man who finds unbenevolence repulsive can, perhaps, be counted as benevolent, for he could not allow what is not benevolent to contaminate his person. 'Is there a man who, for the space of a single day, is able to devote all his strength to benevolence? I have not come across such a man whose strength proves insufficient for the task. There must be such cases of insufficient strength, only I have not come across them.'
Lau [4:6]
Le Maître dit : « Chaque classe d'hommes tombe dans un excès qui lui est particulier. On peut connaître le sens humain d'un homme en observant ses défauts. » L'homme honorable excède toujours en libéralité, et l'homme de peu, en parcimonie ; l'homme honorable, en bienfaisance, et l'homme de peu, en dureté de cœur. En voyant les défauts d'un homme, on peut connaître s'il a le sens de l'humanité ou non. (Tchou Hsi)
Couvreur IV.7.
A man is not to be utterly condemned because he has faults.
The Master said, "The faults of men are characteristic of the class to which they belong. By observing a man's faults, it may be known that he is virtuous."
Legge IV.7.
The Master said, 'in his errors a man is true to type. Observe the errors and you will know the man."
Lau [4:7]
Le Maître dit : « Celui qui le matin a compris la Voie, le soir peut mourir content. »
Couvreur IV.8.
The importance of knowing the right way.
The Master said, "If a man in the morning hear the right way, he may die in the evening without regret."
Legge IV.8.
The Master said, 'He has not lived in vain who dies the day he is told about the Way.'
Lau [4:8]
Le Maître dit : « Un gentilhomme qui tend vers la Voie, s'il rougit d'un vêtement grossier et d'une nourriture ordinaire, ne mérite pas de recevoir mes enseignements. »
Couvreur IV.9.
The pursuit of truth should raise a man above being ashamed of poverty.
The Master said, "A scholar, whose mind is set on truth, and who is ashamed of bad clothes and bad food, is not fit to be discoursed with."
Legge IV.9.
The Master said, 'There is no point in seeking the views of a Gentleman who, though he sets his heart on the Way, is ashamed of poor food and poor clothes.'
Lau [4:9]
Le Maître dit : « Dans le gouvernement d'ici-bas, l'homme honorable ne veut ni ne rejette rien avec opiniâtreté. La justice est sa règle. »
Couvreur IV.10.
Righteousness is the rule of the Chün-tsze's practice.
The Master said, "The superior man, in the world, does not set his mind either for anything, or against anything; what is right he will follow."
Legge IV.10.
The Master said, 'In his dealings with the world the gentleman is not invariably for or against anything. He is on the side of what is moral.'
Lau [4:10]
Le Maître dit : « L'homme honorable aspire à la perfection, et l'homme de peu, à la terre ; l'homme honorable s'attache à observer les lois, et l'homme de peu, à s'attirer des faveurs. »
Couvreur IV.11.
The different mindings of the superior and the small man.
The Master said, "The superior man thinks of virtue; the small man thinks of comfort. The superior man thinks of the sanctions of law; the small man thinks of favors which he may receive."
Legge IV.11.
The Master said, 'While the gentleman cherishes benign rule, the small man cherishes his native land. While the gentleman cherishes a respect for the law, the small man cherishes generous treatment.'
Lau [4:11]
Le Maître dit : « Celui qui dans ses entreprises cherche uniquement son intérêt propre excite beaucoup de mécontentements. »
Couvreur IV.12.
The consequence of selfish conduct.
The Master said: "He who acts with a constant view to his own advantage will be much murmured against."
Legge IV.12.
The Master said, 'if one is guided by profit in one's actions, one will incur much ill will.'
Lau [4:12]
Le Maître dit : « Celui qui, dans le gouvernement de l'État, montre cette déférence qui fait le fondement de l'urbanité, quelle difficulté rencontrera-t-il ? Celui qui dans le gouvernement n'a pas la déférence requise par l'urbanité, quelle urbanité peut-il avoir1 ? ».
Couvreur IV.13.
The influence in government of ceremonies observed in their proper spirit.
The Master said, "If a prince is able to govern his kingdom with the complaisance proper to the rules of propriety, what difficulty will he have? If he cannot govern it with that complaisance, what has he to do with the rules of propriety?"
Legge IV.13.
The Master said, 'If a man is able to govern a state by observing the rites and showing deference, what difficulties will he have in public life? If he is unable to govern a state by observing the rites and showing deference, what good are the rites to him?'
Lau [4:13]
Le Maître dit : « Ne soyez pas en peine de ce que vous n'ayez pas de charge ; mettez-vous en peine de vous rendre digne d'être élevé à une charge. Ne soyez pas en peine de ce que personne ne vous connaît ; travaillez à vous rendre digne d'être connu. »
Couvreur IV.14.
Advising to self-cultivation.
The Master said, "A man should say, I am not concerned that I have no place, I am concerned how I may fit myself for one. I am not concerned that I am not known, I seek to be worthy to be known."
Legge IV.14.
The Master said, 'Do not worry because you have no official position. Worry about your qualifications. Do not worry because no one appreciates your abilities. Seek to be worthy of appreciation.'
Lau [4:14]
Le Maître dit : « Ma Voie est cousue d'un seul fil. » Tseng tzeu répondit : « Certainement. » Lorsque le Maître se fut retiré, ses disciples demandèrent ce qu'il avait voulu dire. Tseng tzeu répondit : « La Voie de notre maître consiste en la loyauté et en l'amour d'autrui comme de soi-même. »
Couvreur IV.15.
Confucius's doctrine that of a pervading unity.
1. The Master said, "Shan, my doctrine is that of an all-pervading unity." The disciple Tsang replied, "Yes."
2. The Master went out, and the other disciples asked, saying, "What do his words mean?" Tsang said, "The doctrine of our master is to be true to the principles of our nature and the benevolent exercise of them to others, – this and nothing more."
Legge IV.15.
The Master said,'Ts'an! There is one single thread binding my way together.'
Tseng Tzu assented.
After the Master had gone out, the disciples asked, 'What did he mean?'
Tseng Tzu said, 'The way of the Master consists in doing one's best and in using oneself as a measure to gauge others. That is all.'
Lau [4:15]
Le Maître dit : « L'homme honorable considère les choses à travers la justice, et 1'homme de peu à travers son intérêt. »
Couvreur IV.16.
How righteousness and selfishness distinguish the superior man and the small man.
The Master said, "The mind of the superior man is conversant with righteousness; the mind of the mean man is conversant with gain."
Legge IV.16.
The Master said, 'The gentleman understands what is moral. The small man understands what is profitable.'
Lau [4:16]
Le Maître dit : « Quand vous voyez un homme sage, pensez à l'égaler en vertu. Quand vous voyez un homme dépourvu de sagesse, examinez-vous vous-même. »
Couvreur IV.17.
The lessons to be learned from observing men of different characters.
The Master said, "When we see men of worth, we should think of equaling them; when we see men of a contrary character, we should turn inwards and examine ourselves."
Legge IV.17.
The Master said, 'When you meet someone better than yourself, turn your thoughts to becoming his equal. When you meet someone not as good as you are, look within and examine your own self.'
Lau [4:17]
Le Maître dit : « Si vos parents tombent dans une faute, avertissez-les avec grande douceur. Si vous les voyez déterminés à ne pas suivre vos avis, redoublez vos témoignages de respect, sans vous opposer. Quand même ils vous maltraiteraient, n'en ayez aucun ressentiment. »
Couvreur IV.18.
How a son may remonstrate with his parents on their faults.
The Master said, "In serving his parents, a son may remonstrate with them, but gently; when he sees that they do not incline to follow his advice, he shows an increased degree of reverence, but does not abandon his purpose; and should they punish him, he does not allow himself to murmur."
Legge IV.18.
The Master said, 'In serving your father and mother you ought to dissuade them from doing wrong in the gentlest way. If you see your advice being ignored, you should not become disobedient but should remain reverent. You should not complain even if in so doing you wear yourself out.'
Lau [4:18]
Le Maître dit : « Durant la vie de vos parents, n'allez pas voyager au loin. Si vous voyagez, que ce soit dans une direction déterminée1. »
Couvreur IV.19.
A son not ought to go to a distance where he will not be able to pay the due services to his parents.
The Master said, "While his parents are alive, the son may not go abroad to a distance. If he does go abroad, he must have a fixed place to which he goes."
Legge IV.19.
The Master said, 'While your parents are alive, you should not go too far afield in your travels. ~f you do, your whereabouts should always be known.'
Lau [4:19]
Le Maître dit : « [...] Si, durant les trois ans de deuil, [un fils] ne dévie pas de la voie dictée par son père, on pourra dire qu'il pratique la piété filiale. »
Couvreur I.11.
On filial duty. See Book I, Chapter XI.
The Master said, "If the son for three years does not alter from the way of his father, he may be called filial."
Legge IV.20.
The Master said, 'if, for three years, a man makes no changes to his father's ways, he can be said to be a good son.'
Lau [4:20]
Le Maître dit : « Vous devez vous rappeler souvent l'âge de vos parents, vous réjouir de leur longévité, et craindre qu'ils ne viennent à mourir. »
Couvreur IV.20.
What effect the age of parents should have on their children.
The Master said, "The years of parents may by no means not be kept in the memory, as an occasion at once for joy and for fear."
Legge IV.21.
The Master said, 'A man should not be ignorant of the age of father and mother. It is a matter, on the one hand, for rejoicing and, on the other, for anxiety.'
Lau [4:21]
Le Maître dit : « Les Anciens n'osaient pas émettre de maximes ; ils craignaient que leurs actions ne répondissent pas à leurs paroles. »
Couvreur IV.21.
The virtue of the ancients seen in their slowness to speak.
The Master said, "The reason why the ancients did not readily give utterance to their words, was that they feared lest their actions should not come up to them."
Legge IV.22.
The Master said, 'In antiquity men were loath to speak. This was because they counted it shameful if their person failed to keep up with their words.'
Lau [4:22]
Le Maître dit : « On s'égare rarement en s'imposant à soi-même des règles sévères. »
Couvreur IV.22.
Advantage of caution.
The Master said, "The cautious seldom err."
Legge IV.23.
The Master said, 'It is rare for a man to miss the mark through holding on to essentials.'
Lau [4:23]
Le Maître dit : « L'homme honorable s'applique à être lent dans ses discours et diligent dans ses actions. »
Couvreur IV.23.
Rule of the Chün-tsze about his words and actions.
The Master said, "The superior man wishes to be slow in his speech and earnest in his conduct."
Legge IV.24.
The Master said, 'The gentleman desires to be halting in speech but quick in action.'
Lau [4:24]
Le Maître dit : « La Vertu ne va jamais seule ; elle attire toujours des imitateurs. »
Couvreur IV.24.
The virtuous are not left alone:– an encouragement to virtue.
The Master said, "Virtue is not left to stand alone. He who practices it will have neighbors."
Legge IV.25.
The Master said, 'Virtue never stands alone. It is bound to have neighbours.'
Lau [4:25]
Tzeu lou dit : « Celui qui par des avis réitérés se rend importun à son prince tombe dans la disgrâce ; celui qui par des remontrances réitérées se rend importun à son ami perd son amitié. »
Couvreur IV.25.
A lesson to counsellors and friends.
Tsze-yû said, "In serving a prince, frequent remonstrances lead to disgrace. Between friends, frequent reproofs make the friendship distant."
Legge IV.26.
Tzu-yu said, 'To be importunate with one's lord will mean humiliation. To be importunate with one's friends will mean estrangement.'
Lau [4:26]
Les Entretiens de Confucius – Lun Yu IV – Chinois on/off – Français/English
Alias the Lunyu, the Lun Yü, the Analects, les Entretiens du maître avec ses disciples.
Le Canon des Poèmes, Les Entretiens, La Grande Étude, Le Juste Milieu, Les Trois Caractères, Le Livre des Mutations, De la Voie et la Vertu, 300 poèmes Tang, L'Art de la guerre, Trente-six stratagèmes
Bienvenue, aide, notes, introduction, table.
Index – Contact – Haut de page