Sun Zi – L'Art de la guerre

La stratégie chinoise ou comment s'informer, estimer, diviser, détourner, tromper, et vaincre « sans coup férir ». Tr. Amiot (fr) et Giles (en).

Introduction
I. De l'évaluation
II. De l'engagement
III. Des propositions de la victoire et de la défaite
IV. De la mesure dans la disposition des moyens
V. De la contenance
VI. Du plein et du vide

VII. De l'affrontement direct et indirect
VIII. Des neuf changements
IX. De la distribution des moyens
X. De la topologie
XI. Des neufs sortes de terrain
XII. De l'art d'attaquer par le feu
XIII. De la concorde et de la discorde

De la distribution des moyens

Sunzi IX. 2.

II. Si vous êtes auprès de quelque rivière, approchez-vous le plus que vous pourrez de sa source ; tâchez d'en connaître tous les bas-fonds et tous les endroits qu'on peut passer à gué. Si vous avez à la passer, ne le faites jamais en présence de l'ennemi ; mais si les ennemis, plus hardis, ou moins prudents que vous, veulent en hasarder le passage, ne les attaquez point que la moitié de leurs gens ne soit de l'autre côté ; vous combattrez alors avec tout l'avantage de deux contre un. Près des rivières mêmes tenez toujours les hauteurs, afin de pouvoir découvrir au loin ; n'attendez pas l'ennemi près des bords, n'allez pas au-devant de lui ; soyez toujours sur vos gardes de peur qu'étant surpris vous n'ayez pas un lieu pour vous retirer en cas de malheur.

Amiot

After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.1

When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack.2

If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.3

Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun.4 Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy.5 So much for river warfare.

1. "In order to tempt the enemy to cross after you," according to Ts`ao Kung, and also, says Chang Yu, "in order not to be impeded in your evolutions." The T`UNG TIEN reads, "If THE ENEMY crosses a river," etc. But in view of the next sentence, this is almost certainly an interpolation.

2. Li Ch`uan alludes to the great victory won by Han Hsin over Lung Chu at the Wei River. Turning to the CH`IEN HAN SHU, ch. 34, fol. 6 verso, we find the battle described as follows: "The two armies were drawn up on opposite sides of the river. In the night, Han Hsin ordered his men to take some ten thousand sacks filled with sand and construct a dam higher up. Then, leading half his army across, he attacked Lung Chu; but after a time, pretending to have failed in his attempt, he hastily withdrew to the other bank. Lung Chu was much elated by this unlooked-for success, and exclaiming: "I felt sure that Han Hsin was really a coward!" he pursued him and began crossing the river in his turn. Han Hsin now sent a party to cut open the sandbags, thus releasing a great volume of water, which swept down and prevented the greater portion of Lung Chu's army from getting across. He then turned upon the force which had been cut off, and annihilated it, Lung Chu himself being amongst the slain. The rest of the army, on the further bank, also scattered and fled in all directions.

3. For fear of preventing his crossing.

4. See supra, ss. 2. The repetition of these words in connection with water is very awkward. Chang Yu has the note: "Said either of troops marshaled on the river-bank, or of boats anchored in the stream itself; in either case it is essential to be higher than the enemy and facing the sun." The other commentators are not at all explicit.

5. Tu Mu says: "As water flows downwards, we must not pitch our camp on the lower reaches of a river, for fear the enemy should open the sluices and sweep us away in a flood. Chu-ko Wu- hou has remarked that 'in river warfare we must not advance against the stream,' which is as much as to say that our fleet must not be anchored below that of the enemy, for then they would be able to take advantage of the current and make short work of us." There is also the danger, noted by other commentators, that the enemy may throw poison on the water to be carried down to us.

Giles IX.3-6.

Sun Zi IX. 2.