The Art of War - Sun Zi VI. 4.

Sun Zi

– The Art of War

Chinese strategy explained : know yourself and the ennemy, use deception, spies, and "win with ease". Tr. Giles (en, annotated) and Amiot (fr).

Introduction
I. Laying Plans
II. Waging War
III. Attack by Stratagem
IV. Tactical Dispositions

V. Energy
VI. Weak Points and Strong
VII. Maneuvering
VIII. Variation in Tactics
IX. The Army On The March

X. Terrain
XI. The Nine Situations
XII. The Attack By Fire
XIII. The Use of Spies

Weak Points And Strong

Chang Yu attempts to explain the sequence of chapters as follows: "Chapter IV, on Tactical Dispositions, treated of the offensive and the defensive; chapter V, on Energy, dealt with direct and indirect methods. The good general acquaints himself first with the theory of attack and defense, and then turns his attention to direct and indirect methods. He studies the art of varying and combining these two methods before proceeding to the subject of weak and strong points. For the use of direct or indirect methods arises out of attack and defense, and the perception of weak and strong points depends again on the above methods. Hence the present chapter comes immediately after the chapter on Energy."

Sunzi VI. 4.

Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; march swiftly to places where you are not expected.

An army may march great distances without distress, if it marches through country where the enemy is not.1

You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places which are undefended.2 You can ensure the safety of your defense if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked.3

1. Ts`ao Kung sums up very well: "Emerge from the void [q.d. like "a bolt from the blue"], strike at vulnerable points, shun places that are defended, attack in unexpected quarters."

2. Wang Hsi explains "undefended places" as "weak points; that is to say, where the general is lacking in capacity, or the soldiers in spirit; where the walls are not strong enough, or the precautions not strict enough; where relief comes too late, or provisions are too scanty, or the defenders are variance amongst themselves."

3. I.e., where there are none of the weak points mentioned above. There is rather a nice point involved in the interpretation of this later clause. Tu Mu, Ch`en Hao, and Mei Yao-ch`en assume the meaning to be: "In order to make your defense quite safe, you must defend EVEN those places that are not likely to be attacked;" and Tu Mu adds: "How much more, then, those that will be attacked." Taken thus, however, the clause balances less well with the preceding–always a consideration in the highly antithetical style which is natural to the Chinese. Chang Yu, therefore, seems to come nearer the mark in saying: "He who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven [see IV. ss. 7], making it impossible for the enemy to guard against him. This being so, the places that I shall attack are precisely those that the enemy cannot defend... He who is skilled in defense hides in the most secret recesses of the earth, making it impossible for the enemy to estimate his whereabouts. This being so, the places that I shall hold are precisely those that the enemy cannot attack."

Giles VI.5,6,7.

Si, après avoir longtemps attendu, vous ne voyez pas que l'ennemi se dispose à sortir de son camp, sortez vous-même du vôtre ; par votre mouvement provoquez le sien, donnez-lui de fréquentes alarmes, faites-lui naître l'occasion de faire quelque imprudence dont vous puissiez tirer du profit. S'il s'agit de garder, gardez avec force : ne vous endormez point. S'il s'agit d'aller, allez promptement, allez sûrement par des chemins qui ne soient connus que de vous. Rendez-vous dans des lieux où l'ennemi ne puisse pas soupçonner que vous ayez dessein d'aller. Sortez tout à coup d'où il ne vous attend pas, et tombez sur lui lorsqu'il y pensera le moins. Pour être certain de prendre ce que vous attaquez, il faut donner l'assaut là où il ne se protège pas ; pour être certain de garder ce que vous défendez, il faut défendre un endroit que l'ennemi n'attaque pas. Si après avoir marché assez longtemps, si par vos marches et contre-marches vous avez parcouru l'espace de mille lieues sans que vous ayez reçu encore aucun dommage, sans même que vous ayez été arrêté, concluez : ou que l'ennemi ignore vos desseins, ou qu'il a peur de vous, ou qu'il ne fait pas garder les postes qui peuvent être de conséquence pour lui. Évitez de tomber dans un pareil défaut.

Amiot

The last bi4 should be bu4, according to other editions and in agreement with Giles's translation.

yves – 2006/12/06